Business and Corporations Law Legal Acceptance - Capacity

Question: Talk about the Business and Corporations Law for Legal Acceptance, Capacity. Answer: Presentation: The basic issue that emerges for this situation is related with the nearness of the thought. There are sure fundamental pre-necessities in the agreement law, which are expected to fulfill so as to establish a legitimate understanding. These segments are legitimate offer, substantial thought, lawful acknowledgment, limit of the gatherings, and goal of the gatherings to sanction the understanding (Andrews, 2011). Jane was having a vehicle with the market cost of $ 25,000. Since, she was setting off to some other remote region, thus, she offered her vehicle to Jack. The issue emerges here, as she had not referenced any thought sum in the trading of the vehicle. As per the custom-based law, any understanding between the gatherings can be at risk for legitimately enforceable understanding, just, within the sight of the legal thought. In the event that any guarantee is made without thought, at that point such guarantee are named as unnecessary guarantee (Edlin, 2007). Under agreement law, no enforceable understanding can sanction, on the off chance that it depends on the unnecessary guarantee (Latimer, 2005). For this situation, Jane vowed to give her vehicle to Jack with no thought. Jack consented to take the vehicle and acknowledged the offer. Here, no thought is available between the gatherings and both the gatherings were intentionally settled on the concurrence with the readiness and sound psyche, independent of the genuine market estimation of the vehicle which was $ 25,000. In this manner, the idea of the guarantee by Jane becomes needless guarantee and no legitimate understanding is shaped. Henceforth, the offer made by Jane can't be lawfully enforceable by Jack and no legitimate move can be made against Jane on the off chance that she chooses to not give the vehicle to Jack. As portrayed before, a lawful legitimate understanding needs a lot of components for example legitimate offer, legal acknowledgment, substantial thought and lawful aim of the offeror and offeree to go into understanding. An understanding can be made based on the lawful offer and acknowledgment yet an understanding would be named as lawful enforceable understanding just if the substantial thought is available. In this respects, thought fills in as an advantage between the gatherings, additionally any past thought can't be viewed as a solid thought (Re McArdle, 1951). It very well may be communicated as far as a numeric worth (McKendrick, 2003). Here, Jane had vowed to offer her vehicle to Jack in $25,000. This predefined estimation of the vehicle shows the nearness of the thought. This estimation of the thought is equivalent to the genuine expense of the vehicle. Be that as it may, Jack acknowledged the offer and subsequently, affirmed the thought estimation of $ 25,000 by tolerating the proposal to purchase the vehicle from Jane. Henceforth, it very well may be gotten from the above variables that a legitimate thought is made among Jane and Jack. Legitimate offer and acknowledgment both are available for this situation and furthermore the substantial thought estimation of $ 25,000 plainly indicated by Jane. Also, Jack consented to pay this thought add up to Jane. According to the agreement law, the idea of the thought is connected with the exchange of the understanding. It is accepted that in the event of the development of an understanding, there is a trade of guarantees (White v Bluett (1853)) between parties. It very well may be said that each gathering ought to be named as a promisor just as promisee and furthermore gets some an incentive under the understanding at certain purpose of time (Lindgren, 2011). Along these lines, in this particular case, all the vital conditions are fulfilled and furthermore the nearness of the legitimate thought esteem underpins the authorization of the enforceable understanding between the promisor Jane and promisee Jack. Ampleness of the thought isn't the basic imperative for the development of a substantial understanding. Under customary law, court has obviously expressed that sufficiency isn't required in the understanding. It is rather founded on the readiness of the gatherings to choose the thought an incentive for the guarantee (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2015). In this manner, the main fundamental factor is the nearness of the legitimate thought according to the law. Satisfactory estimation of the thought isn't necessary. The thought can be anything beginning from a pretty much cost to any object, yet it must be a lawful worth or item. This standard can be depicted with the assistance of a main case in such manner for example Chappell v Nestle (1960) case, in which the thought esteem was the chocolate covering to establish an enforceable understanding (Taylor, 2015). The main key boundary in this respects is if both the gatherings give intentional agree to go into the legally binding stage with some unique estimation of the thought, independent of the genuine worth then additionally there won't be any inquiry in regards as per the general inclination of gatherings in the court, except if any unconscionable movement is suspected (Latimer, 2005). For this situation likewise, Jane needed to offer her vehicle to Jack with a cost of $ 2,500, with the sound brain and ability, while she realized that the expense of the vehicle in the market is around $ 25,000. Jane was plainly offered a legitimate thought measure of $ 2,500 which isn't satisfactory when contrasted with the genuine estimation of the vehicle. Be that as it may, Jack had genuinely acknowledged the offer and prepared to buy the vehicle in $ 2,500. Subsequently, as indicated by the sufficiency of the thought factor of the agreement law, both Jane and Jack are going into the enforceable concu rrence with the thought measure of $ 2,500. For this situation, the agreement is shaped based on the ampleness of the thought. This is on the grounds that the sum made for the vehicle by Jane shows the nearness of some thought which is adequate for Jane as she just made the proposal with the sum. Consequently, for this situation likewise a legal legitimate understanding is enforceable for Jack. Issue The circumstance here necessities exhortation with respect to the chance of achievement is a purchaser guaranteeing the additional installment ($ 3 million) that the vender had acquired through danger. There are a large group of components that are required for the institution of an enforceable lawful agreement. At the center of any agreement, lies a deliberate acknowledgment which emerges because of common assent from both the sides entering the legally binding connection. The significance of assent as a key factor isn't constrained before the agreement execution yet keeps on being of hugeness considerably after agreement since ordinarily, conditions request that a few corrections be made (Harvey, 2009). Commonly in this procedure, the two gatherings ought to have enough thought in order to sanction the change. Be that as it may, without thought for a given gathering, modification may get troublesome and unwieldy as the other party may not consent to the change. It is significant that any adjustments which are ordered singularly doesn't hold the trial of lawful standards and neglects to be enforceable in nature (Gibson Fraser, 2014). On occasion, one of the gatherings may make a preposterous interest which lies outside the agreement terms and use danger to get constrained assent from the other party. This circumstance in lawful speech is known as coercion and may emerge because of either monetary force or physical force. Such agreements are without willful understanding and subsequently can be made void if the gathering that is constrained requests so sometime in the future (Taylor, 2015). It is a typical sight that the undermined party refers to pressure as a guard in order to recoup the misfortunes or worth likeness the unlawful kindness that might be stretched out to the next gathering. In any case, one noteworthy viewpoint to demonstrate for this situation is the way that the compromised party followed the absurd interest just affected by danger or, more than likely the equivalent would not have been complied (Latimer, 2005). In situations where frequency of pressure is built up, the agreements are not lawfully enforceable given the gathering subject to danger needs so. It is essential that the danger which is secured inside pressure might be of physical or financial nature. The idea of monetary coercion has been a late participant with the pioneer case in such manner being Occidental Worldwide Investment Corporation v Skibs (The Sibeon The Sibotre)[1976] 1 Lloyds Rep 293 case. For building up a case for monetary pressure, an offended party needs to set up specific viewpoints referenced beneath (Lindgren, 2011). The respondent commits fraud and utilizations prevalent monetary situation for undermining the offended party. As the offended party is dependent upon financial power, it is left with no decision yet to yield and agree with the requests made. Because of constrained simultaneousness with the requests, there is a legitimately restricting connection between parties whereby the offended party can't pull out at a later stage. The utilization of monetary pressure realizes budgetary misery for the offended party. While guaranteeing that the above parts of coercion are available is critical, yet it is essential that even in situations where financial pressure is obvious, the offended party must apply for help ina convenient way. In this issue, the court has opined that if the offended party doesn't take lawful plan of action before the section of sensible time, at that point it demonstrates that the offended party has acknowledged the interest and subsequently the agreement stands released. This is apparent from the decision of the court in the North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] QB 705 case (Gibson Fraser, 2014). The thinking stretched out for the choice was that the gathering subject to financial coercion has been given the ideal for recovery of harms or misfortunes yet the equivalent doesn't reach out till inconclusive time and should be displayed in a brief way. The abundance installment made in the given case couldn't be asserted by the purchaser as the court decided that eight months was more than sensible time and the inquirer is expected to have given willful acknowledgment to the nonsensical interest (Andrews, 2011). Application The realities featured for the situation depict a circumstance where an agreement has been sanctioned for working of a big hauler. While the structure

Breakthrough Technology Project Management

Question: Examine about the Breakthrough Technology Project Management. Answer: Presentation: The given contextual analysis features an enormous worldwide oil organization with different storerooms. The important and reachable objectives are portrayed as following: The primary objective is to guarantee that the main tank with limit 1 million liters of unleaded is fixed. So as to accomplish this, an auxiliary organization is drawn nearer and their little big haulers with lower limit are taken for rent (Badiru and Osisanya 2016). By utilizing this strategy, the big hauler with limit of 1 million liters of ULP could be utilized by the organization structure the elective site, alongside fix of the spilling tank. In any case, considering the difficulties referenced for the situation study, little big haulers that are reachable to the task site could be could be utilized with the end goal that the exceptionally combustible fumes venting from the tanks could be of lesser sum (Burke 2013). In spite of the fact that the time taken to top the tanks off would be more than the typical time, yet, the laborers can proceed with their work with insurance veils. The advancement the executives measurements that could gauge the advancement of the task are as per the following: Calendar and exertion fluctuation: This measurement is effective in estimating the presentation of the undertaking against marked baselines (Heagney 2016). The expense for executing the venture is estimated against the quantity of hours that the works are working. Asset usage: The Utilizations % = the Total exertion spend by the assets/Total assigned assets. Along these lines, this is a significant measurement, and the advancement of the venture is estimated (Kerzner 2013). Task destinations As referenced for the situation study, the target of the task is to proceed with crafted by the association, alongside concentrating on the fix works of the oil tanks that are spilling (Lientz and Rea 2016). Assignments: The undertaking is to take rent of certain big haulers of little limit and move the ULP to the rented organization and proceed with the work alongside the fix of the big haulers (Walker 2015). Assets: The assets expected to actualize this venture are works, rented organization, and elective little big haulers. Financial plan assigned: The spending plan distributed assumes a fundamental job in characterizing the extent of the undertaking. Potential difficulties: The difficulties for this situation are the first site. The site is tightened triangular fit as a fiddle and the longest sides are limited by stacking docks. Henceforth, when the big haulers dock to convey the powers into the capacity big haulers, every single other activity stop (Walker 2015). Essential changes: The important changes remember changes for the way toward working. Prior the work would stop, nonetheless, in the new undertaking the work proceeds with elective techniques for the fuel being conveyed. Suppositions: In this venture it has been accepted that there is extent of an elective site where, the tank could be rented incidentally. The different partners incorporate the inner just as the outer partners. The inner partners incorporate the workers, the fixing works, the undertaking administrators, the conveyance troughs, and wellbeing and security supervisors. The workers are a significant partner, since they would complete the venture effectively. The undertaking supervisors need to take basic choices with respect to the venture and picking of elective site. The conveyance chief alongside the undertaking supervisor assumes a key job in deciding the extent of the venture. The outer partners incorporate the providers of the ULP and the temporary workers (Sears et al. 2015). They are likewise basic in deciding the extent of the venture, since the contractual workers and providers need to concur upon the states of conveying to an elective site. The ULP providers should be persuaded that they flexibly the ULP at the tanks of the elective site. In this manner, the greater part of the partners are basic in deciding the extent of the venture. So as to make the venture adequate, the plausibility investigation of the proposition is to be resolved so as to check where the proposed venture is possible, monetarily, in fact and using the accessible assets (Sears et al. 2015). So as to guarantee the acknowledgment measures, a hazard investigation is to be finished. The potential dangers that may occur are resolved utilizing a hazard evaluation layout. The approaches to relieve the potential dangers is arranged as an elective undertaking. Venture advancement lifecycle The venture advancement lifecycle is an applied model that is utilized to depict the different phases of any task, and the progression of work that would be directed in the undertaking. In the given contextual investigation, the fabricate and fix model could be utilized. In this model, first the underlying model is manufactured, and afterward it is additionally evolved. In the given contextual investigation, the ULP tanks should be fixed alongside continuation of the typical work process (Lock 2014). The phases of the construct and fix lifecycle advancements are as per the following: Assemble: The principal phase of this model is to fabricate. In the given contextual investigation, the fix work happens in this stage while the oil is put away in big haulers that are rented. The Anchors required for every one of the tanks are fixed (Sears et al. 2015). Additionally, the substitutions of the primary valve of every one of the tanks are finished. As this stage goes on, the necessary fixes of tanks are done and the patches required are fixed. Adjust and fix: Once the fundamental fixes are fixed, the normal activity is continued. The extra fixes, for example, the cleaning and repainting of the outside of the tanks should be possible in his stage (Sears et al. 2015). Since these activities doesn't require the seizure or work of the representatives, neither the renting of the elective tanks are required. Consequently, in this stage the expansion errands are done, alongside resumption of the typical exercises (Walker 2015). Use: After the tanks are fixed, and the extra adjust and fix stage has been satisfied, the tanks are fit to be utilized obviously, with full activities being proceeded. Subsequently, utilizing the referenced lifecycle model the venture could be placed without hesitation. Be that as it may, before the undertaking is sent, the hazard factors should be thought of (Walker 2015). The assigned spending should be fixed and the possibility study is to be done, so as to begin the undertaking. When the undertaking is finished, it should be checked. The components that should be checked incorporates the sources of info, for example, the time, cash, assets utilized, nature of work, specialized exhibitions against the yields, for example, progress, cost productivity, work start time, work fulfillment cutoff time, structure changes. The way toward checking and investigating isn't only one toward the finish of the venture. It may be directed at an ordinary interim while the venture is in progress. References Badiru, A.B. furthermore, Osisanya, S.O., 2016.Project administration for the oil and gas industry: a world framework approach. CRC Press. Burke, R., 2013. Venture the executives: arranging and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of undertaking the executives. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project administration: a frameworks way to deal with arranging, booking, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lientz, B. what's more, Rea, K., 2016.Breakthrough innovation venture the executives. Routledge. Lock, M.D., 2014.The basics of task the board. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Burns, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. furthermore, Segner, R.O., 2015.Construction undertaking the executives. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project administration in development. John Wiley Sons.

Using Turabian Formatting Guide

Using Turabian Formatting Guide The process of integration of scientists from different countries into a unified world of scientific community requires practice to include bibliographic descriptions of resources in accordance with uniform rules and methods of formatting in the lists of used literature to scientific articles, as well as published and unpublished results of research. In order to address this issue, there is a set of rules for bibliographic formatting developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, designed to create unified bibliographic descriptions covering published resources of any type â€" the International Standard Bibliographic Description of ISBD. According to the ISBD, nine areas of formatting are provided. Each area, except for the seventh, consists of a set of clearly structured and classified elements. Intro on Turabian style Turabian style in text citation is the same as the Chicago citation style except for small differences. It was named after the author of the book Kate L. Turabian (1893â€"1987) and developed for the University of Chicago. It is an instruction for the preparation and design of student and dissertational works. The Turabian style differs in that it is invented for papers that will be applied by a narrow circle of readers and is not intended for publishing purposes. It is also distinguished by the fact that it can be applied by both candidates for master’s and doctoral degrees, as well as students of junior courses. What is Turabian style? As it was mentioned above, the Turabian style is named after the author of the book Kate L. Turabian (1893â€"1987), which she developed for the University of Chicago. With the exception of small differences, the Turabian style is the same as the Chicago citation style. However, the Chicago style is a guide for publications in general, whereas the Handbook for the compilers of research papers, dissertations and dissertations states that Turabian is an instruction for the preparation and registration of student and dissertational works. From styles such as MLA and APA, Turabian style differs in that it is invented for papers used by a narrow circle of scientists and isn’t intended for publishing. From the MLA style it is also different because the MLA style is used as the foundation of the works of graduates, doctors, scientists, and pro writers, while the Turabian style can be used by candidates for master’s and doctoral degrees, as well as students of other courses. Reasons of Turabian style Turabian style is applied by natural and social sciences, as well as by humanities. There’re two methods of citation with the style: A usual technique of footnotes with the inclusion of a bibliography The method of parenthetical references with the inclusion of a list of references The humanities prefer the footnote technique, while the sciences mostly use the parenthetical references. Turabian style step-by-step guide The footnote-bibliography format is a simple citation. The following examples illustrate citation according to this format. After the footnote example, an abbreviated version of the reference to the same source in the footnotes follows. The abbreviated version is used for repeated references to the source in the text, if one source is cited several times. Then follow an example of how the source should be formatted in the bibliography of the work. Quoting the book: One author: Last Name, First name. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. Two or more authors: Last Name and First Name of the Two Authors. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The page number. If there are four or more authors, list all authors in the bibliography. In the footnote, mention should be made only of the first author and add after “et al.”: Last name, first name of the first author. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The page number. Editor or translator instead of the author: Last name, first name of the translator. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The number of the page(s). Editor or translator in addition to the author: Last name, first name of the author. The Name and Last Name of the Editor. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The number of page(s). Author-date format is simple citation. The examples below show quoting using the author-date format. Each example of how the source should be presented in the section “References to sources” is accompanied by an example of the citation in the text. Quoting the book: One author â€" Last name, first name. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The page number. Two or more authors â€" Last name, first name of the authors. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The number of the page(s). If there are four or more authors, you should list them all in the “Links” section. In the text, only the first author and “et al.” are indicated: Last name, first name of the first author. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The number of pages. If there is an editor or translator instead of the author: Last name, first name of the editor or translator. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. The page number. If there is an editor or translator in addition to the author: Last name, first name of the author. Last Name and First Name of the editor or translator. The Book Title. The City of the Publisher: Name of the Publisher, Year the Book Was Published. Basic Turabian style In this style, two basic systems of citation and references to quotation sources are allowed: The notes-bibliography format (or simple bibliographic style) The author-date format These formats generally represent the same order of citation, which is described in the Chicago stylistic guide, only they take into account the requirements for student work. Bibliographic style is mainly used in literature, history, and art. This style is bibliographic information in footnotes on a page or endnotes and usually in a bibliographic list. A more accurate style, author-date, is used in the exact and social sciences. In this system, the sources should be briefly indicated in parentheses in the text by the author’s name and the date of publication. References to the source in brackets are expanded with complete bibliographic information in the section “Used sources”. In addition to using endnotes, as opposed to the references in parentheses in the text, otherwise the two systems have a similar style. Writing the main body with Turabian style Here are some of the basics when writing the main body in the Turabian style: The paper has to be in the third person with the use of the active voice. Unless it is specified in the instructions, avoid the first and second person language. It’s better to split the work into logical pieces. Tips on formatting citations and a bibliography Citations and a bibliography provides for use of superscript numerical indices and footnotes at the bottom of the page with a bibliographic information whenever you quote a source, whether it is a paraphrase or a quote inside a line or block quote. For example, in the text at the end of each quotation or paraphrase it is necessary to place an overhead numeric index (a serial number) starting with the number “1” and continuing the numbering until the end of all work. The extension index number should match the same footnote number from bibliographic information about the cited source displayed in the bottom of page. Each footnote begins with a paragraph from the serial number, then after the space there is the bibliographic information quoted on this page source, which includes the full name of the author, title, and information about the publication. At the end of all work footnotes are the basis for the list of sources used. Finding Turabian sample papers To get a better idea on how to format your paper in the Turabian style, look for a good Turabian format sample paper online to correctly format your work according to the rules. Tips and tricks when using Turabian style The three main tips to follow include: Refer to the source every time you paraphrase, quote or copy someone’s work. It is about any kind of material: text, graphic or audiovisual. The link is usually indicated in two places with varying degrees of detail: inside the text and at the end of the document in the list of used literature. The first link should be as accurate as possible so as to concisely determine its location in the list of used literature. The reference system in one work (educational material or an essay) should be unified. Conclusion on the Turabian style There are only a few differences between the Turabian and Chicago styles but it’s crucial to know which one to apply for your discipline.

Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 855 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Lowering The Drinking Age Essay Did you like this example? Imagine being a senior in high school, 18 years old. Should young adults be able to legally buy an alcoholic beverage at this age? This has been an ongoing controversy in the United States as to whether the drinking age should be lowered from 21-years-old to 18-years-old. At 18-years-old in America, young adults are entrusted with the responsibility to vote in elections, get married, buy firearms and tobacco, fight for this country and serve on jury, yet they cannot responsibly drink a glass of wine at dinner (Grobety, 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States" essay for you Create order The contrasting perspective to this argument is that underage drinking will damage brain cells in people whose brains have not fully formed more than in mature brains or that it could potentially lead to an increase of alcohol related automobile accidents (Fox, 2016). Literature Review In Foxs article, she explains how lowering the drinking age can ultimately lower student success. This article was included in the essay because she explains the perspective of a counterargument, that underage drinking will damage brain cells in people whose brains have not fully formed. Another article that opposes lowering the legal drinking age is written by Smith. In this article, it expresses another counterargument as to how lowering the legal drinking age could potentially lead to an increase in of alcohol related automobile accidents. The last article that explains a counterargument is written by Sheboygan. This article explains why the argument of being 18-years-old and defending this country has lost all meaning. An article that supports the lowering of the legal drinking age is written by Sarah Grobety. This article expresses how the rising issue of fake IDs would be resolved with a lower legal drinking age. The last article included in the essay is written by Schorr. He m akes it known how countless hours and hundreds of thousands of dollars that go into enforcing drinking laws could be saved by lowering the minimum drinking age to 18 years old. Discussion The purpose of having such a high drinking age, 21-years-old, is to protect young adults from the negative effects of alcohol. However, the high drinking age has the opposite effect on young adults. Due to the high drinking age and teenagers not having easy access to alcohol, they are more likely to binge drink whenever they are exposed to alcohol. Binge drinking is very dangerous. If the drinking age was lowered to age 18-years-old it would allow for more transparency and openness to consumption at a younger age which would help teach young adults and children how to drink responsibly (Grobety, 2018). Normal actions for college students such as binge drinking or pregaming before events would be reduced because of a lowered legal drinking age. If there was a competition for the least obeyed law, the drinking age law would certainly be the winner. Countless hours and hundreds of thousands of dollars go into enforcing drinking laws in a state, especially on college campuses (Schorr, 2017). Hundreds of thousands of dollars on a law that is rarely obeyed. If the minimum drinking age was lowered to 18-years-old, the hours and money could be relocated to other areas of need, like drug abuse, sexual assault and education on alcohol for young people (Schorr, 2017). Falsifying government documents is a felony and that can lead to both a fine and up to twenty years of imprisonment, yet fake IDs are still on the rise. The use of fake IDs are especially prevalent in college towns (Grobety, 2018). Young adults who can make decisions independently should not have to lie about their age in order to make decisions about their drinking habits. They should be treated as any other adult and be responsible enough to do so. Lowering the drinking age would decrease the number of fake IDs in circulation and keep more young adults out of trouble (Grobety, 2018). A person who opposes lowering the legal drinking age to 18-years-old may say underage drinking will damage brain cells in people whose brain have not fully formed (Fox, 2016) or not being able to consume alcohol, but serve our country lost all meaning when the Vietnam war ended (Sheboygan, 2017). Also, some will claim it could potentially lead to an increase of alcohol related automobile accidents (Fox, 2016). However, the truth is that if an underage teenager wants to consume alcohol they will find a way to, no matter the consequences. It would only be in the best interest to lower the minimum legal drinking age and better educate the teenagers of our society how to drink responsibly. Conclusions Thus far having such a high drinking age has been ineffective. If the drinking age was lowered to age 18-years-old it would have many more benefits than consequences. The current legal drinking age has made drinking in excess, binge drinking, a standard way of rebelling an unjust and immoral law. Young adults should be prepared to make responsible decisions about alcohol the same way they are prepared to make life decisions. It is time for a change. We dont hand a teenager cay keys without first educating them about how to drive, why expect 21-year-olds to learn how to drink responsibly without educating them (Glaser, 2015).

Descriptive Analysis Prescriptive Analytics - 1218 Words

Prescriptive analytics provides the instruction of what to do – and—just as importantly – —what not to do when analytical models are deployed into production environments. Defined as decisions, they are applied to scenarios where there are too many options, variables, constraints, and data for a person to evaluate without assistance from technology. These prescriptive decisions are presented to the front-line worker – —providing the answer they seek, and accounting for the detailed aspects of the scenario that they find themselves in. For example, call center personnel often rely on prescriptive analytics to know the appropriate options, amount, and under what conditions, a prospective customer can be extended varying levels of credit. Prescriptive analytics also provides organizations with the ability to automate actions, based on these codified decisions. Every organization has simple, day-to-day decisions that occur hundreds to thousands of times (or more), and which that don’t have to require human intervention. For example, the identification and placement of a targeted advertisement based on a web shopper’s session activity is popular in the retail industry. In such cases, prescriptive analytics is used to ingest, define, and take the optimal action (for examplee.g., place the most relevant ad) based on scenario conditions (in our example, what has been viewed and clicked on during the session). What is optimal, for the purposes of this paper, is defined as anShow MoreRelatedPrescriptive Analysis : Moving Beyond Predictive Analysis Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesPrescriptive Analysis – Moving beyond Predictive Analysis Big Data is becoming more meaningful with the ever more powerful data technologies, which enable us to derive insights from the data and help us make decisions. 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Business analytics are the future of theRead MoreBig Data And Analytics Analysis1316 Words   |  6 Pages BIG DATA AND ANALYTICS: The emergence of new technologies, applications and network systems makes it hard to run the current business models and huge data types, and thus emerged various types of analytic tools like Big Data, which make this work easier by way of proper organization of data. Big Data is all about analyzing different forms of data (Structured, Semi-structured and Un-structured) and it is not about the procedure, creation or consumption of data. Definition of Big

Girl X †Black and Red Free Essays

For our colour unit in drama, one of the colour combinations we studied was black and red. For this task, our teacher was in a role of a physiatrist, was telling us the case of a 7 year old girl found on the streets that refused to speak. To get the girl communicating, the girl was told to draw a picture. We will write a custom essay sample on Girl X – Black and Red or any similar topic only for you Order Now She drew a red circle in the center of the page, engulfed in a sea of black scribbles. Our task was to analyse the image, and stream our thoughts and ideas about the picture into an abstract piece of drama. In my group, we decided that the red circle was the girl, and that the blackness around her was the girl being trapped. We also asserted that the blackness is an older male related to the girl in someway, that has abused her and she is trapped because of the events. We used an array of techniques; the first being characterisation. The girl was named Emily, which to me seems like an innocent name, which would help build the sympathy the audience has towards her and also create anxiety in her situation. We performed with the audience being scattered and with no lights. This is very effective as it makes the audience feel as if they are there alongside the girl. We would have members of our group stationed around different positions in the stage, and in turn they would each be running on the spot. This is to create the impression that there is someone running, and it would be dangerous for one person to be running around the stage as it is in thee dark. Suddenly the running would stop and a voice starts to pant. This is then where we incorporate another technique, the silence. The silence would be for 10 seconds. This is heavily effective, as its in the dark and the audience do not know what is going on after the fact they heard someone running. Suddenly a scream would come out form nowhere, which breaks the silence. Then another silence is used, for around 7 seconds. During the whole scene I was in the center of the stage. After the silence, I turn on a lighter and say, â€Å"I am watching you. † This is striking, as someone appearing from nowhere in the middle of a dark stage was not anticipated by the audience. This task helped me understand a lot of things. It made me understand many positions that people can be in, and how colour can express emotions such as: anger, fear, helplessness. How to cite Girl X – Black and Red, Papers

Implications of Omnipotence Essay Example For Students

Implications of Omnipotence Essay Implications of OmnipotenceThe concept of omnipotence seems to reign prominent among most religions, specifically among their myths articulating the origin and the inevitable destruction of our universe. Omnipotence, meaning all-powerful/perfect and predictably all good, produces many contradictions and questions merely by definition. The prospect of a life form being omnipotent is impossible. For the omnipotent being would inexorably be the creator and destroyer of all things; however, a perfect (omnipotent) being needs not to create anything else, for it is perfectly harmonious in its state, let alone creating an imperfect universe necessary for destruction. Every race, culture, and individual for the most part seem to have some grasp on a deity or deities that omnipotently created everything and all-lovingly watches over all. Some people will declare these beings omnipotence as fact and infallible, but with no deliberation of the entire scheme of things. Most believers, with some exceptions, say that one must have faith, and irrelevantly tack-on, Our god(s) is all-powerful, and loves all his/their children however imperfect they may be. If something is perfect and all- powerful then nothing imperfect can come from it. This also proves that the concept of opposition would not exist; everything would perpetuate in perfect harmony. Most monotheistic religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc. believe in a single omnipotent god that loves man above all as sons and daughters. If such a being exists and is truly omnipotent, why is there so much pain? Man suffers from plague, war, and natural disaster. How does mans agony in any way depict an all-knowing and all-loving being? Followers often use the sayings: It is his (omnipotent being) will or He (omnipotent being) works in mysterious ways, in order to justify mans constant sorrow before this beings feet. According to the Bhagavad-Gita (Hindu sacred book), when all the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the silent sky, that would be like the coming of the Mighty One. I am become death, the shatterer of worlds.With the presence of nuclear power, this quote seems somewhat disheartening; nevertheless it reiterates the fact that if there is a force above all, it being omnipotent is unfeasible. If a creator/destroyer does exist it cannot be omnipotent if it must destroy what it created. Slavery, genocide, manifest destiny, communism, capitalism, dictators, monarchies, over population, family structures, and much more all contain frailties that mar mans well being. Wouldnt it be a given for an all-powerful being to omit such creations when it was originally at the drawing board? If all the pain and imperfections was created by the same being that twisted everything else together, then it does not love us, nor is it omnipotent. Word Count: 448

Free Education free essay sample

Fill out the following outline Free post-secondary education THESIS STATEMENT with MAP full sentence(s) (1 or 2): Post-secondary education should be free. It is important for the student to have equal opportunities that are not dictated by wealth. It is also beneficial for the college as it allows more applicants for expansion and offers gifted students who would not normally afford education. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Expanding the public sector. TOPIC SENTENCE 1 full sentence: Post secondary education should be free BODY PARAGRAPH 1- point form: Primary Support 1: Potential students can reach their full ability regardless of wealth. Secondary Support: Contribute to society and economy more effectively Primary Support 2: Can end up in a cycle of debt Secondary Support: By the time they get a high earning job their interest will have built up and it’s at a time when they will be aiming to make larger purchase e. g. house or a car. Primary Support 3: Fewer worries Secondary Support: More studies and better grades Concluding Statement 1 full sentence OR point form: With the free education students can reach their full ability, be debt free and do their studies better TOPIC SENTENCE 2 full sentence: It is beneficial for the higher education to be free as it allows more applicants for expansion and offers gifted students who would not normally afford education. BODY PARAGRAPH 2 point form: Primary Support 1: The college/universities can expand Secondary Support: by having free post-secondary school more people will apply. Primary Support 2: Secondary Support Primary Support 3 Secondary Support Concluding Statement 2 full sentence OR point form: TOPIC SENTENCE 3 full sentence: BODY PARAGRAPH 3- point form: Primary Support 1: Increases your chances to get a job Secondary Support: Workers prefer educated people Primary Support 2: It is proven that by 2011 most jobs will require a post secondary education Secondary Support: People will have no opportunities to seek higher income jobs. Primary Support 3: expanding job sector Secondary Support: Decrease the job lay-offs and job something lol

5 Peculiarities of the German Language

5 Peculiarities of the German Language You may have heard that German is a difficult and complex language to learn. This is true to some extent; however, much depends on the way the language is taught, the learner’s natural capacity for languages, and the amount of practice dedicated to it. The following peculiarities of the German language should not discourage you from studying German, but simply prepare you for what you will encounter. Remember, German is a very logically structured language, with many fewer exceptions than English. The key to your success in learning German will truly be as this old German adage states: ÃÅ"bung macht den Meister! (or, Practice makes perfect) The Difference Between a German Sausage and a Verb Why are we comparing a sausage to a verb? Simply because German verbs can be chopped and cut up just as  a German sausage can! In German, you can take a verb, chop off the first part, and place it at the end of a sentence. And in actuality, you can even do more to a German verb than what you can do with a sausage: you can insert another â€Å"part† (a.k.a. syllable) in the middle of a verb, add other verbs alongside it and even elongate it. How’s that for flexibility? Of course, there are some rules to this chopping business, which once you understand them, will be easy to apply. German Nouns Every German student loves this particular German-language peculiarity - all nouns are capitalized! This serves as a visual aid for reading comprehension and as a consistent rule in spelling. Further, German pronunciation pretty much follows the way it is written (though you need to know the peculiarities of the German alphabet first, see above), which makes German spelling not very difficult. Now to put a damper to all of this good news: Not all German nouns are inherently nouns and may, therefore, throw off the German writer at first as to whether to capitalize a word or not. For instance, verb infinitives can change into a noun and German adjectives can change into nouns. This role changing of words happens in the English language as well, for example when verbs change into gerunds. German Gender Most would agree, that this is the greatest hurdle of German grammar. Every noun in German is identified by grammatical gender. The der article is placed before masculine nouns, die before feminine nouns and das before neuter nouns. It would be nice if that was all there was to it, but German articles change, along with the endings of German adjectives, adverbs and nouns depending on the grammatical case they are in. For example, let’s take a look at the following sentence: Der Junge gibt der wà ¼tenden Mutter den Ball des Mdchens.(The boy gives to the angry mother the girl’s ball.) In this sentence, der wà ¼tenden Mutter acts as the indirect object, so it is dative; den Ball acts as the direct object, so it is accusative and des Mdchens is in the possessive genitive case. The nominative forms of these words were: die wà ¼tende Mutter; der Ball; das Mdchen. Almost every word was changed in this sentence. One very important point about German grammar gender is that nouns don’t necessarily follow the natural law of gender as we know it. For example, though die Frau (woman) and der Mann (man) are designated feminine and masculine respectively, das Mdchen (girl) is neuter. Mark Twain in his humorous account of â€Å"The Awful German Language† described this German grammar peculiarity in this way: Every noun has a gender, and there is no sense or system in the distribution; so the gender of each must be learned separately and by heart. There is no other way. To do this one has to have a memory like a memorandum-book. In German, a young lady has no sex, while a turnip has. Think what overwrought reverence that shows for the turnip, and what callous disrespect for the girl. See how it looks in print - I translate this from a conversation in one of the best of the German Sunday-school books:Gretchen: Wilhelm, where is the turnip?Wilhelm: She has gone to the kitchen.Gretchen: Where is the accomplished and beautiful English maiden?Wilhelm: It has gone to the opera. However, Mark Twain was wrong when he said that a student has to have â€Å"a memory like a memorandum-book.† There are some strategies that can help a German student figure out which gender a noun has. German Cases In German there are four cases: Der Nominativ (nominative)Der Genitiv/Wesfall (genitive)Der Akkusativ/Wenfall (accusative)Der Dativ/Wemfall (dative) Though all cases are important, the accusative and dative cases are the most widely used and should be learned first. There is a grammatical trend especially orally to use the genitive case less and less and replace it with the dative in certain contexts. Articles and other words are declined in various ways, depending on gender and grammatical case. The German Alphabet The German alphabet has a few differences from the English language. The very first (and perhaps most important) thing you need to know about the German alphabet is that there are more than twenty-six letters in the German alphabet.

Medical Billing and Coding Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical Billing and Coding - Research Paper Example In healthcare systems, there are also regulations that govern the way in which the institutions bill their goods and services. In an argument by Kavaler & Spiegel (2003) prior to the creation of billing strategies a healthcare institution should ensure the specifications provided for by the both the W.T.O and legal laws in the country are adhered to. For instance, in some nations all public healthcare institutions are required to give free Tuberculosis funds. In these nations, such a law must be adhered to by all institutions regardless of the preferred billing strategy by an organization. This is different from other business entities which have the freedom to price their commodities. It is a democratic country, business entities are given the freedom to decide on their preferred pricing decisions (Lucas, 2008). However, health institutions are not independent because of their function in the environment. The influence of medical institutions should be regulated in order to promote equality in the provision of the service. Different in the healthcare system pricing is the fact that there are specific quoted prices for drugs. This makes the market an equal opportunity for success for all institutions. Additionally, this fact reduces the competition level of the market. Healthcare institution cannot use the pricing strategy to gain a greatest competitive advantage. However, health care institutions have the opportunity to alter this disadvantage when providing services for patients. The pricing of services is not regulated by any healthy body. Healthcare  institutions only rely on pricing services to satisfy their billing objectives. For this reason, many organizations invest mostly in providing quality services. Additionally, the quality of services provided is directly proportional to the pricing of the service. However, a significant number of healthcare organizations alter the quoted market price by a slim margin to incorporate cost incurred through processes like logistics. Apart from altering the market price, healthcare institutions offer specific purchasing packages.

Partial paralysis from the age of one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Partial paralysis from the age of one - Essay Example As we proceed we will be seeing how the patient with the help of psychotherapy and the help of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) will be trying to live her life, making it at least a little less hindrance to both herself and her family. I would first like to say that permission has been sought from the family and their attorney authorizes me to discuss this case. However the names and some of the details have been changed to maintain and preserve confidentiality in conformity with NMC Code of Conduct (2004). Meena was born as the first child to Mr. and Mrs. Pandey, who lived in a remote village in the State of Bihar in India. She was a hale and hearty child until one unfortunate day when the doctors confirmed that she had contracted meningitis. Meena was just a year old. Subsequently for treatment her Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) was removed by lumbar puncture and analysed. But it was too late. Soon it became evident that Meena had become paralysed. She could just about move her limbs. Movement was slightly better in the upper limbs. She was now in a near vegetative state. The child was just two years old then. Today Meena is a 35 year old woman. She is intelligent but cannot speak properly. Most of the time she behaves like a child. She is demanding, self-centred, and uncompromising. Yet at times, she seems to perceive the grief of the family, her own state and somewhat reluctantly tries to listen to what she is told. She tries to adjust and mend her ways. It is this childlike quality, this innocence which had prompted me to select Meena as the patient. Body- Observation and Diagnosis Meena has been cared for, for all these years by her mother. Her mother today is no more. It had been a moral and emotional issue for Meena's mother to take care of her. But today, she is in the care of her brother and sister-in-law. They want Meena to be able to accept her circumstances and live life to the best of her ability. Moreover, Meena has also set into a mental development and needs help to overcome that. RATIONALE FOR PATIENT CHOICE: Friendly and innocent Intelligent Helpless First to assess properly the Aspect of Care we must understand that the patient is not mature enough to understand that she is dependent on others for everything. She thinks it is normal to depend on her family members and demand their time. Emotionally she requires constant care and reminders that she is loved. Knowingly she

Thailand Monarchy and Government Overview

Thailand Monarchy and Government Overview BACKGROUND OF MONARCHY The current king of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, is part of the Siamese-cum-Thai monarchy and has reigned since 9 June 1946. This has made him the world’s longest reigning current monarch and the world’s longest serving head of state ( ). In accordance with the constitution of Thailand, most of the king’s power is divulged to his elected government whereby the king is considered above partisan affair and uninvolved with the decision-making process ( ). As ceremonial head of state, however, the king still retains power in being the head of the Royal Thai Armed forces, the prerogative of royal assent and also in having the power of pardon. The current concept of Thai kingship has evolved through 800 years of absolute rule. The Siamese-cum-Thai monarchy dates back to the founding of the Kingdom of Sukhothai, by the first king of a unified Thailand: King Sri Indraditya in 1238 ( ). This early kingship showed signs of the religious influence that is still present in today’s monarchy and was said to be based on two concepts derived from Hinduism and Theravada Buddhist beliefs: the Vedic-Hindu caste of â€Å"kshatriya† (â€Å"warrior-ruler†) and the Buddhist concept of â€Å"Dhammaraja† (â€Å"kingship under Dharma†) after Buddhism was introduced to Thailand somewhere around the sixth century A.D ( ). â€Å"Kingship under Dhammaraja† essentially means that the king should rule his people in accordance with the Dharma and the teachings of the Buddha, thus showing early signs of the stronghold that Buddhism has had over the Thai monarchy from such an early stage. In 1279 the concepts behind Thai kingship were somewhat altered at the entrance of King Ramkhamhaeng to the throne ( ). The past traditions were replaced by the conept of â€Å"paternal rule† in which the king governs his people â€Å"as a father would govern his children ( ). However these changes lasted briefly as the Kingdom of Sukhothai was eventually supplanted by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1351 by King Ramathibodhi I ( ). The Ayutthaya period of kingship brought with it changes, re-establishing the former Hindhu and Buddhist concepts along with a third, older concept of â€Å"Devaraja† (â€Å"Divine-King†) borrowed by the Khmer Empire from the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Java ( ). The concept was based on the idea that the king was an incarnation (Avatar) of the god Vishnu and that he was a Bodhisattva (enlightened one). This essentially meant the king had religious and moral power and purity of blood. State interests portrayed the King as a semi-divine figure which started to develop his image – through rigid cultural implementation – as an object of worship and veneration to his people. This broke away from the early concepts of kingship which emphasized strong bonds between the king and his subjects ( ). The monarchy from then on was largely removed from the people and became an absolute ruler and universal lord of his realm ( ). Kings demanded that the universe be envisioned as resolving around them, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. Although far less exaggerated, this notion of divinity and higher status of the monarchy is still present in Thailand today, where the king remains widely revered and serves as a spiritual leader to the state. Despite this seemingly ludicrous adoration of the monarchy in these early periods however, the kings that ruled over Ayutthaya for four centuries experienced some of the greatest periods of eco nomic, cultural and military growth in Thai history ( ). King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (or Rama I) established a new dynasty in 1782 and moved the capital from Thonburi to Bangkok. King Rama I also founded the House of Chakri, the current ruling house of Thailand ( ). During this Rattanakosin period the Chakri kings tried to re-establish the concepts of the Ayutthayan kingship and emphasize the connection between the sovereign and his subjects, but at the same time would not relinquish any power or authority from the throne. Most notably, Kings Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating the supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government ( ). This was a turning point in Buddhist influence within the monarchy and government giving the religion a firmer grip on the decision making processes ( ). BACKGROUND OF THE GOVERNMENT In June 1932 the influence and power of the monarchy was eventually challenged. After 150 years of absolute Chakri rule, King Prajadhipok was confronted with a group of foreign educated students and military men called â€Å"the promoters† who carried out a bloodless revolution, seizing power and demanding that the king grant the people of Siam a constitution ( ). The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted a constitution in which the power of the monarchy was divulged to the elected prime minister and national assembly, removing the political authority of the crown and founding a nascent ‘democracy’. ( ). 1946 saw the first direct elections held in which the people of Thailand voted for members of a bicameral legislature (Senate and House of Representatives) to be presided over by a Prime Minister representing the executive branch ( ). The Judiciary, including a Supreme Court, acts independently of the executive office and the legislature, though it was not until the 1996 constitution that more effective checks and balances were instituted ( ). From its inception â€Å"democracy† in Thailand has been turbulent, with 17 coup d’etats passing power back and forth between leaders of the military and an elite bureaucracy that borders on plutocracy ( ). Seventeen different constitutions have governed the country; the Kingdoms current constitution the result of the most recent coup d’etat; a bloodless overthrow of then Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawattra in 2006 ( ). Currently, Thailand is embroiled in political wrangling over the implications of that coup and the subsequent legislative shake up caused by mass protests both against and in favour of the former Prime Minister. Nevertheless, the Thai people are extremely politically active and value their freedom regardless of their tenuous democracy ( ). Under the 2007 Constitution (drafted by a military appointed council, but approved by a referendum) the present structure of the Government of Thailand was established ( ). Despite the seventeen constitutions, the basic structure of the government has remained the same. The government of Thailand is made up of three branches; the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, a system of government similar to that of the Westminster system of the United Kingdom. Along with the monarchy, this essay will pay special attention to both the legislative and judicial branches of this political system, and how they interact with Buddhist influences in the form of the sangha council.

Biochemistry Fats, Diet, and Heart Disease

Biochemistry Fats, Diet, and Heart Disease ‘Fat’ can sometime be a word that gives people the chills when they hear about it. It is one of the three main sources of calories to our diet and a major part of ones dietary requirement. There are three kinds of fat: saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated. The degree of saturation is dependent on the amount of double and triple bonds in the chemical makeup. Saturated fats are known to increase the body's levels of serum (blood) cholesterol. Along with cholesterol, saturated fats can deposit on the inner walls of blood vessels; a condition known as atherosclerosis.When the heart's arteries become clogged with cholesterol and fats, blood flow can be restricted or totally blocked, leading to severe chest pain and heart attack. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats actually have a cholesterol-lowering effect. By substituting polyunsaturated fats for the saturated fats in your diet, you can actually help control choleste rol levels. Too much dietary fat can also contribute to overweight. Being overweight can aggravate high blood pressure, place excess strain on your heart, and make it more difficult to stay active and physically fit, thus having a negative impact on your overall cardiovascular health.For about three decades, health institutions like the American Heart Association, National Institutes of Health, World Health Organization, and others advised people to reduce dietary fat by limiting fat intake to fewer than 30 percent of daily calories. Their claim was that a low fat diet ultimately resulted in the reduction or elimination of risk for heart disease although; there wasn't much evidence to support the notion of low-fat diets in the beginning.In an article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association on February 8, 2006, in a 8th year Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, about 49,000 women with almost identical rates of heart attack, stroke, and other form s of cardiovascular disease were followed to see the effect of a low-fat diet and those not on the diet. Their results showed that women on the low-fat diet didn't lose or gain any more weight than women who followed their usual diets. The important thing to note from these kinds of studies was the type of fat in the diet.For example the Mediterrean style diet is high in fat but these fats are from plant sources such as olive oil, nuts and seeds which are low in saturated fat intake. The ‘Western† diet on the other hand has fats from animal sources which are usually saturated and produces a higher risk for heart disease. In conclusion, as research grows on diet and heart disease, it’s becoming clearer that looking at a single nutrient in isolation cannot tell us the whole story about a person’s heart disease risk. People eat foods, not nutrients, and they eat them in an overall dietary pattern.The traditional Mediterranean Diet pattern, in contrast, appears to lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, and metabolic syndrome, a constellation of factors that increases the chances of developing heart disease and diabetes. So if you are concerned about heart health, pay attention to your overall diet, not just to the type of fat. Citation Barbara, H. (2006) et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. Retrieved from http://jama. ama-assn. org/content/29 5/6/655. full

Comparing Two Perspectives of Management Essay

Management is the attainment of organisational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organising, leading and controlling organisational resources (Samson & Daft, 2009, p. 12). In essence, the final outcome of management is to achieve organisation goals and managers in various levels should achieve goals effectively and efficiently by intelligently utilizing financial, human and other resources in hand. The four skills which may assist managers to achieve these organisational goals are planning, organising, leading and controlling. Traditional vs. Modern Perspectives The practice of management can go back as far as 3000 BC. It developed over thousands of years from Traditional style of management to Modern today. Traditional Perspectives Traditional Perspectives includes (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.Classical Perspectives – concentrates on making the organisations an efficient operating machine. 2.Humanistic Perspectives – emphases understanding human behaviour, needs and attitudes in the workplace. It has taken more consideration of behaviors, needs and attitudes as well as social interactions and group processes. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Human Resources Perspective as an example. It suggests that Jobs should be designed to meet higher-level needs by allowing workers to use their full potential (Samson & Daft, 2009). This theory was initially supported by a ‘dairy farm’ view and further illustrated by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and McGregor Theory X & Theory Y. It is my understanding that the theory suggests people generally perform better if they are given full rein to their imagination and creativity. This, in details, means: 1.People are given freedom to fulfill their desired physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization (Maslow’s Hierarchy) needs and wants. They may not be satisfied with all five of them, but fulfillment in any of the above may somewhat increase productivity; 2.Management assumes that employees enjoy working and will seek responsibilities under working/learning process and does not believe in punishment to keep the employees in line. Instead, it believes that employees will exercise self-control if they’re committed (McGregor’s Theory Y). Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world leading automobile producers and its philosophy is the famous ‘Toyota Way’. The two pillars are ‘Wisdom and Kaizen (improvement)’ and ‘respect for human nature’ (Saruta 2006). Without going into the full description of ‘Toyota Way’ philosophy, we will mainly discuss one component as an example: Improvement. The company motivates employees through a series of incentives, such as wage, on-job education, and progressive promotion. Hence it presents work as something interesting and worthwhile for worker’s self-motivation. In the Japanese operation, this philosophy helped the company achieved long working hours and concentrated labour. Unfortunately it hasn’t been working as successful in other countries. Does this mean the employees in other countries haven’t fulfilled any of their interests? Managers must understand that employees will be motivated by unmet needs; and that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator (Fisher 2009). There may be environmental factors the management did not consider. Cultural difference for instance may affect the effectiveness of this philosophy. Being in a country with a generous welfare system like Australia, people’s desire for a balanced work/social life style is much stronger than financial achievement. In this instance, Toyota management in other counties should realise the differences in worker’s needs and present other incentives accordingly. Modern Perspectives Modern Management Trend is developed to collaborate with the more complicated technologies, organisational environment and unforeseeable uncertainties in today’s world. Modern Management Theories are focused on how individuals contribute to organisation and corporate performance while the performance of the chief executive is dictated by the organisation’s financial returns and shareholders’ expectations (Weymes 2004). The three major contemporary extensions of the perspectives (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.System Theory; 2.Contingency View; 3.Total Quality Management. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Contingency View as an example. This theory is an extension of the humanistic perspective in which the successful resolution of organisational problems is thought to depend on management’s identification of key variables in the situation at hand (Samson & Daft, 2009). It believes there is no universal approach that works consistently in every situation. Management should always consider aspects within and outside the organisation and utilise various concepts and techniques appropriately. Looking at this theory from a horizontal angle, Knootz (1981) has simplified it into ordinary words, ‘there is science and there is art, there is knowledge and there is practice. One does not need much experience to understand that a corner grocery store could hardly be organised like General Motors, or that the technical realities of petroleum exploration, production, and refining make impracticable autonomously organised product divisions for gasoline, jet fuel, or lubricating oils’. Different organisations have different variables which determine the size of the company, the management hierarchy, the service procedure and so forth. Looking at it from a vertical angle, an organisation may have diversified subsystems and external affiliates. Today’s managers cannot afford to ignore the uncertainties evolved around these elements. Grandori (1984) noted a decision maker needs to classify the state of uncertainty that characterises a decision situation, eliminate the strategies that are not feasible in that situation, and select a feasible strategy. To realise the contingency approach its potential as an effective construct for maintaining and improving managerial effectiveness in a hyper dynamic environment, its development must proceed in a systematic unified and directed manner (Luthans & Stewart, 1977). IKEA, as an example, is the world’s most successful mass-market retailer, reaching 33 countries and hosting 410 million shoppers a year; the furniture is made by about 1,500 suppliers in more than 50 countries. Its signature feature is the flat packed product that customers assemble at home. To target the dramatic technology development in 21st century, the company introduced online shopping to address convenience and traceability. The company designs its own, and also broadens the product mix into food and general living supplies (â€Å"IKEA Company Profile†, n.d.). Investment risks can be sufficiently minimised, and it is best described by the old adage â€Å"never put all your eggs in one basket†. Traditionally, a showroom with a team of salesmen and delivery truck drivers is the focal point of a typical furniture retailer. Globalisation and widely spread use of internet will eventually force them out of the market. IKEA tackled these issues from supply-chain, customer satisfaction and diversification of investment risks. It further demonstrates the contingency approach is used to sustain IKEA’s completive edge in all time. Although these strategies may not be suitable in 10 years time, contingency view will always exert management to evaluation situation at hand and make decision accordingly to sustain performance. Conclusion Generally speaking, the traditional perspectives of management tend to standardise a managerial approach across the board by analysing one particular scenario with a number of assumptions. However, the modern perspectives recognise the uncertainties in reality and take many aspects into consideration of their decision making process. Contingency view is not a brand new theory that is completely different from the traditional perspectives. Whilst we are not suggesting the traditional perspectives are untrue, managers should be selective according to the situation at hand and use a combination of approaches to tackle from all angles. Management in the modern world is no longer a unitary practice; it is an art. Continuous education and professional development can only offer the mandatory knowledge. Real life experience and rational conduct at time is the key to successful management.

International A Membership Based Consumer Service

CENDANT On December 17th 1997 CUC International a membership-based consumer service company focused on giving people access to discounts on travel, shopping, etc. and HFC Incorporated a large hotel franchiser merged together and became Cendant. CUC International lead by Walter Forbes deliberately and fictitiously made the company more than $500 million fictional revenue, which in effect led to one of the biggest fraud cases of the 1990’s. This is a very interesting fraud case and one that forced the accounting and auditing standard setters to review some of their standards, which is something I’ll talk about more later on. The fraud was very simple at its base; the idea was to allow the employees of CUC International and later Cendant to†¦show more content†¦This could have been prevented or stopped if the revenue and expenses had been accounted for and recorded properly in the period they had occurred. It also could have been prevented had the internal auditing comity done their job and realized what was happening around them and brought this to the board of director’s attention. What was going on internally at CUC International and later at Cendant was known to many employees, these people held different positions from managers all the way up to the CEO Walter Forbes and it was in fact two managers that came forward and brought all of this out to the open and their names were Casper Sabatino and Steven Speaks. They contacted the CFO of Cendant Mr.Monaco and explained to him the breathtaking fraud. And it was Mr.Monaco who delivered this news to Cendant’s Chief Executive Henry R. Silverman. Those two men were the whistleblowers that brought Cendant to its knees. As mentioned in the sworn affidavits the managers explained what was happening at Cendant, they said that they were told to record millions of dollars of orders that never occurred and were told to do what was necessary in order to increase the income on the books and decrease the expanses. In their statements they named two people whom have been responsible for putting pressure on their employ ees and ordering the accounting irregularities, these two people were Cosmo